¢À ¿©·¯ Àǹ̸¦ °®´Â Á¢¼Ó»ç
* as : -ÇÒ ¶§, -¶§¹®¿¡, -ó·³(-ÇÑ ´ë·Î), -ÇÒ¼ö·Ï ¡ØÀüÄ¡»ç : -·Î¼
* if : ¸¸¾à -¶ó¸é, -ÀÎÁö ¾Æ´ÑÁö, ºñ·Ï -ÇÒÁö¶óµµ
* since : -ÀÌ·¡·Î, -¶§¹®¿¡
* while : -ÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È, -ÇÏ´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡
¢À »ó°ü Á¢¼Ó»ç
* both A and B A B µÑ ´Ù
* either A or B A B µÑÁß Çϳª
* neither A nor B A B µÑ´Ù - ¾Æ´Ï´Ù
* not A but B A°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó B´Ù
* not only A but (also) B A »Ó¸¸¾Æ´Ï¶ó Bµµ
(= B as well as A)
* no sooner ¡ than ¡¦ ¡ ÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ ¡¦ ÇÏ´Ù
hardly when
scarcely before
¢À ±âŸ ÁÖ¿ä Á¢¼Ó»ç
* unless = if ¡ not : ¸¸¾à ¡ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é
* until = till ¡ : ¡±îÁö
* as soon as ¡ : ¡ÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ
* so ¡ that ¡¦ : ³Ê¹« ¡ Çؼ ¡¦ ÇÏ´Ù
* so that S may ¡ : ¡ Çϱâ À§Çؼ
* though = although = even if [though] ¡ : ºñ·Ï ¡ÀÏÁö¶óµµ
* as if = as though ¡ : ¸¶Ä¡ ¡Ã³·³
* not ¡ until ¡¦ : ¡¦ ±îÁö´Â ¡ ¾Ê´Ù, ¡¦ ÇÏ°í³ª¼¾ß ¡ ÇÏ´Ù
* as long[far] as = so long[far] as ¡ : ¡ ÇÏ´ÂÇÑ
* lest S should ¡ : ¡ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â À§Çؼ
* now that = ,for : ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé
¢À ¿øÇü ºÎÁ¤»çÀÇ °ü¿ëÀû Ç¥Çö
* had better + ¿øÇü : - ÇÏ´Â°Ô ´õ ³´´Ù
* can't but + ¿øÇü : - ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù (=can't help ¡ing)
* do nothing but + ¿øÇü : ´ÜÁö - Çϱ⸸ ÇÏ´Ù
¢À Áß¿ä ºÎÁ¤»ç ±¸¹®
* too ¡ to - : ³Ê¹« ¡ Çؼ -ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù (= so ¡ that S can't -)
* ¨Í enough to ¡ : ¡ ÇÒ ¸¸Å ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¨Í ÇÏ´Ù (= so ¨Í that S can-)
¢À µ¶¸³ ºÎÁ¤»ç (¼÷¾îó·³ ¾Ï±â)
* so to speak : ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ¼ÒÀ§
* strange to say : ÀÌ»óÇÑ À̾߱âÁö¸¸
* to begin with : ¿ì¼±, ¸ÕÀú
* to be frank with you : ¼ÖÁ÷È÷ ¸»Çϸé
* to be sure : È®½ÇÈ÷
* to make matters worse : ¼³»ó°¡»óÀ¸·Î
* to do one justice : oneÀ» °øÆòÈ÷ Æò°¡Çϸé
* to say nothing of : - Àº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ
(=not to speak of, not to mention, let alone)
¢À Àǹ̻ó Â÷ÀÌ
* stop + ¡ing : ¡ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ØÃß´Ù
to ¡ : ¡ Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¸ØÃß´Ù (ºÎ»çÀÇ ¸ñÀû)
* try + ¡ing : ½ÃÇè»ï¾Æ ¡ Çغ¸´Ù
to ¡ : ¡ ÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¾²´Ù
* remember + ¡ing : <°ú°Å> ¡ ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ±â¾ïÇÏ´Ù(ÀØ´Ù)
(forget) to ¡ : <¹Ì·¡> ¡ ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±â¾ïÇÏ´Ù(ÀØ´Ù)
¢À µ¿¸í»çÀÇ °ü¿ëÀû Ç¥Çö (¼÷¾îó·³ ¾Ï±â)
* go -ing : - ÇÏ·¯ °¡´Ù
* be busy -ing : - ÇÏ´À¶ó ¹Ù»Ú´Ù
* on -ing : - ÇÏÀÚ ¸¶ÀÚ
* feel like -ing : - ÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù
* be worth -ing : -ÇÒ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù
* can't help -ing : - ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù
* come near -ing : °ÅÀÇ - ÇÒ »·ÇÏ´Ù
* It is no use -ing : - ÇغÁ¾ß ¼Ò¿ë¾ø´Ù
* There is no -ing : - ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù
* of one's own -ing : Á÷Á¢(¼Õ¼ö) - ÇÑ
* It goes without saying that -: -Àº µÎ¸»ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾ø´Ù(³Ê¹« ´ç¿¬)
* make a point of -ing : - À» ±ÔÄ¢À¸·Î »ï´Ù
* be on the point of -ing : ¸· - ÇÏ·Á´ø ÂüÀÌ´Ù
* cannot[never] ¡¦ without ¡ing : ¡¦ÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù ¡ÇÏ´Ù
* look forward to -ing : - À» Çмö°í´ëÇÏ´Ù
* be used to -ing : - Çϴµ¥ Àͼ÷ÇÏ´Ù
* object to -ing : - ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Ù
* be opposed to -ing : - ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Ù
* with a view to -ing : - ÇÒ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î
* What do you say to -ing? : -ÇÏ´Â°Ô ¾î¶§?
¢À ºñÀÎĪ µ¶¸³ ºÐ»ç±¸¹®
* generally speaking = if we speak generally ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»Çϸé
* frankly speaking ¼ÖÁ÷È÷ ¸»Çϸé(¸»Çؼ)
* strictly speaking ¾ö°ÝÈ÷ ¸»Çϸé(¸»Çؼ)
* judging from ¡ ¡·Î ÆÇ´ÜÇϸé(ÆÇ´ÜÄÁ´ë)
* considering ¡ ¡À» °í·ÁÇϸé
¢À ºÎ´ë »óȲÀÇ with
¢Ñ with + ¸ñÀû¾î + ºÐ»ç (Çؼ®: ¸ñÀû¾î¸¦ ºÐ»çÇÑä·Î)
with his arms folded (ÆÈÀåÀ» ³¤Ã¤·Î)
with little wind blowing (¹Ù¶÷ÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ºÒÁö¾Ê´Â)
Don't speak with your mouth full.
¢À ÃßÃøÀÇ Á¶µ¿»ç (3°³)
ÃßÃøÀÇ Á¶µ¿»ç + ¿øÇü (ÇöÀç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃßÃø)
(may,must,cannot) have + p.p. (°ú°Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃßÃø)
* may ¿øÇü : -ÀÏÁö ¸ð¸¥´Ù = It is possible that S + VÇöÀç ¡
* may have + p.p. : -À̾úÀ»Áö ¸ð¸¥´Ù = It is possible that S + V°ú°Å¡
* must ¿øÇü : -ÀÓ¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù = It is certain that S + VÇöÀç ¡
* must have + p.p. : -À̾úÀ½¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù = It is certain that S + V°ú°Å¡
* cannot ¿øÇü : -Àϸ®°¡ ¾ø´Ù = It is impossible that S + VÇöÀç ¡
* cannot have + p.p. :-À̾úÀ»¸®°¡ ¾ø´Ù = It is impossible that S + V°ú°Å¡
¢À Á¶µ¿»çÀÇ °ü¿ë Ç¥Çö (¼÷¾îó·³ ¾Ï±â)
* would ¡ : ¡ ÇÏ°ï Çß´Ù (ºÒ±ÔÄ¢)
* used to ¡ : ¡ ÇÏ°ï Çß´Ù (±ÔÄ¢)
* would like to ¡ : ¡ ÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù
* would rather A than B : B ÇÏ´À´Ï Â÷¶ó¸® A ÇÏ´Â°Ô ´õ ³´´Ù
* had better ¡ : ¡ ÇÏ´Â°Ô ´õ ³´´Ù
* may[might] as well ¡ : ¡ ÇÏ´Â°Ô ´õ ³´´Ù
* may well ¡ : ¡ ÇÏ´Â°Ô ´ç¿¬ÇÏ´Ù
* ought to ¡ = should ¡ : ¡ ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù
* lest S should ¡ : ¡ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â À§Çؼ
* cannot ¡ too -- : ¾Æ¹«¸® -- Çصµ Áö³ªÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Ù
* should have p.p. : ¡ Çß¾ú¾î¾ß Çߴµ¥...(¸øÇß´Ù)
* should not have p.p. : ¡ ÇÏÁö ¸»¾Ò¾î¾ß Çߴµ¥...(Çß´Ù)
* need not have p.p. : ¡ ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Âµ¥...(±¦È÷ Çß´Ù)
¡Ø ¿ä±¸(demand), ÁÖÀå(insist), + that + S + (should) + ¿øÇü
Á¦¾È(suggest), ¸í·É(order), (-ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù)
µ¿ÀÇ, °áÁ¤, Ãæ°í, ¼Ò¸ÁÀÇ V
¢À Çؼ®¿¡ ÁÖÀÇÇÒ ¼öµ¿ÅÂ
be told (µè´Ù), be given (¹Þ´Ù), be asked (Áú¹® ¹Þ´Ù)
¢À If ´ë¿ë ¾î±¸
* Suppose(Supposing), Provided(Providing), In case, On condition
* Otherwise (¸¸¾à ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é), Unless (= If ¡ not)
¢À If ÀÇ »ý·« ( V + S ·Î µµÄ¡)
Were I in your place, I would not do so. (= If I were)
Had he been more careful, he would not have lost his purse.
¢À ±âŸ °¡Á¤¹ý ±¸¹®
* I wish + °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å(°ú°Å¿Ï·á) --------- ¡ ¶ó¸é ÁÁÀ»ÅÙµ¥
* as if (as though) + °¡Á¤¹ý °ú°Å(°ú°Å¿Ï·á) - ¸¶Ä¡ ¡ ó·³
* Without (=But for) ¡ ---------------- ¸¸¾à ¡ ÀÌ ¾ø(¾ú)´Ù¸é
= If it were not for ¡
= If it had not been for ¡
¢À ÁÖÀÇÇÒ ºÎ»ç
* hardly : °ÅÀÇ ¡ ¾Ê´Ù (= rarely, barely, scarcely, seldom)
* lately : ÃÖ±Ù¿¡
* nearly : °ÅÀÇ
* highly = deeply : ¸Å¿ì
* derectly : Áï½Ã
* necessarily : ¹Ýµå½Ã
* frequently : ÀÚÁÖ
* exactly : Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô
* similarly : À¯»çÇÏ°Ô
* consequently = eventually = ultimately : °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î
* accordingly : µû¶ó¼
¢À ¶óƾ¾î¿¡¼ ¿Â ºñ±³±Þ
* senior to : -º¸´Ù ¼ÕÀ§ÀÇ * junior to : -º¸´Ù ¼Õ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ
* major to : -º¸´Ù ÁÖ¿äÇÑ, ´õ Å« * minor to : -º¸´Ù »ç¼ÒÇÑ, ´õ ÀÛÀº
* superior to : -º¸´Ù ´õ ¿ì¼öÇÑ * inferior to : -º¸´Ù ´õ ¿µîÇÑ
ex> He is older than I = He is senior to me
(ÀüÄ¡»ç + O)
¡Ø prefer A to B : B º¸´Ù A¸¦ ´õ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Ù
¢À ºñ±³ ±¸¹® Á¤¸® ( ²À ¾Ï±â)
* no more = not ¡ any more : ´õÀÌ»ó ¡ ¾Ê´Ù
* no longer = not ¡ any longer : ´õÀÌ»ó ¡ ¾Ê´Ù
* not a few = quite a few = no few = many : ¸¹Àº
* not a little[bit] = quite a little = no little = much : ¸¹Àº
* at most = not more than : ¸¹¾Æ¾ß, ±â²¯Çؾß
* at least = not less than : Àû¾îµµ
* as many : µ¿¼öÀÇ
* as much : µ¿·®ÀÇ
* not so much A as B = not A so much as B : A ¶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â Â÷¶ó¸® B
* not so much as ¡ : ¡ Á¶Â÷ ¸øÇÏ´Ù
* no[little] better than ¡ : ¡º¸´Ù ³ªÀ»°Ô ¾ø´Â, ¡³ª ¸¶Âù°¡Áö
* no more than : ´ÜÁö (= only = merely)
* no more ¡ than -- : ¡ °¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °ÍÀº -- °¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °Í°ú °°´Ù
* no sooner ¡ than -- : ¡ ÇÏÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ -- ÇÏ´Ù
* know better than to ¡ : ¡ÇÒ ¸¸Å ¾î¸®¼®Áö ¾Ê´Ù
¢À °ü°è´ë¸í»ç what ÀÇ °ü¿ë Ç¥Çö
* what S be SÀÇ ÀΰÝ, »óÅÂ
* what S have S˂ ˍȐ
* what we(you,they) call = what is called ¼ÒÀ§, À̸¥¹Ù
* what is better[worse,more] ±Ý»ó÷ȷÎ[¼³»ó°¡»óÀ¸·Î, ´õ¿íÀÌ]
* what with A and (what with) B ÇÑÆí A ¶§¹®¿¡ ¶Ç ÇÑÆí B ¶§¹®¿¡
* what by A and (what by) B ÇÑÆí A ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¶Ç ÇÑÆí B ¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ
* A is to B what C is to D A¿Í BÀÇ °ü°è´Â C¿Í DÀÇ °ü°è¿Í °°´Ù.